Thermal runaway and soot production of lithium-ion batteries: Implications for safety and environmental concerns

Global energy shortages are becoming increasingly severe, and lithium-ion batteries are becoming an important substitute for fossil fuels. However, thermal runaway of a battery is a significant factor impacting battery industry development. Here, we conducted tests on battery thermal runaway using a combustion test chamber, analysing the effects of natural aging and state of charge (SOC) on battery thermal runaway. Additionally, EDS and XPS were used to analyse the soot particles formed during thermal runaway. Four stages in thermal runaway, e.g., battery bulge, smoke release, jet fire, and fire extinction. LiFePO₄ with a higher SOC is more likely to cause thermal runaway. In addition, natural aging has an obvious impact on the intensity of thermal runaway. The gas products generated during a battery fire are identified as C1–C4 hydrocarbons. The soot generated by battery combustion presents a typical “core-shell” structure. The soot surface exhibits C–C, C–O, and O–H bonds, while the soot from early manufactured batteries also contains O–C[dbnd]O and π bonds. Soot contains not only C and O but also trace amounts of Li, F, P and Fe. These results reveal the characteristics of soot emission during thermal runaway of batteries, providing valuable insights for evaluating their toxicity and environmental impact.