The impact of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint: The case of the United States

Muhammad Wasif Zafar, Syed Anees Haider Zaidi, Naveed R. Khan, Faisal Mehmood Mirza, Fujun Hou*, Syed Ali Ashiq Kirmani

*Corresponding author for this work

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    631 Citations (Scopus)

    Abstract

    This study explores the effect of the amounts of natural resources, human capital, and foreign direct investment on the ecological footprint in the presence of energy consumption and economic growth using US data from 1970 to 2015. We use the Zivot-Andrews unit root method to check the stationary properties of data series, along with structural breaks and employ an Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model to estimate the short-run and long-run elasticities among the variables. Our findings suggest that economic growth and energy consumption have negative relationships with the ecological footprint. Natural resources and human capital are helpful in curtailing ecological footprint, as is foreign direct investment (FDI). The results of Granger causality show bidirectional causality between energy consumption and the ecological footprint and between economic growth and the ecological footprint, while unidirectional causality runs from natural resources to the ecological footprint and from human capital to natural resources. The US must attract more FDI and human capital from other countries to ensure that established companies and new firms can innovate swiftly in support of the quality of life and sustainable development.

    Original languageEnglish
    Article number101428
    JournalResources Policy
    Volume63
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - Oct 2019

    Keywords

    • Ecological footprint
    • Economic growth
    • Foreign direct investment
    • Human capital
    • Natural resources abundance

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