Temperature monitoring of lithium-ion batteries: Sensor technologies, deployment strategies, and smart batteries

Temperature is an essential parameter governing the electrochemical performance, cycling stability, and safety of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Addressing the limitations of conventional monitoring systems in accuracy and response time, this paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in temperature monitoring technologies. This review constructs a complete technical system integrating the development of sensing technologies, the optimization of layout strategies and smart batteries, which bridges the gap between the fundamental research of sensors and their engineering applications. This review first conducts a comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of contact and non-contact sensing technologies. Subsequently, it studies the heat generation laws of individual battery cells and modules, which provides theoretical support for the optimal placement of sensors. Finally, it explores the current application status and future prospects of temperature sensors in smart battery systems. This review systematically synthesizes the advances in LIBs thermal management, following a structured framework of “sensor technology-layout strategy-smart battery” and offers a forward-looking vision for the research and development of high-performance and high-safety battery thermal management systems.