Synthesis, characterization and thermal decomposition mechanism of new 5-amino-3-hydrazinyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole-based energetic materials

The construction and comprehensive characterization of energetic ionic salts 5-amino-3-hydrazinyl-1H-1,2,4-triazolium diperchlorate (2) and 5-amino-3-hydrazinyl-1H-1,2,4-triazolium 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazolate-5-one (3), which are based on 5-amino-3-hydrazinyl-1H-1,2,4-triazole, were conducted. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to explore the thermal and kinetic behaviors of the novel energetic ionic salts. An isoconversional approach and non-linear regression analysis were employed to propose accurate kinetic models for characterizing the decomposition of the energetic ionic salts based on the data from DSC and the most possible mechanism functions governing the decomposition of 2 and 3 was determined. Furthermore, experimental measurements and theoretical calculations were employed to examine diverse physicochemical characteristics, including densities, mechanical sensitivities, heat of formation as well as detonation parameters. The findings suggest that salt 2 exhibits a good detonation pressure of 37.4 GP and a satisfactory detonation velocity of 9031 m/s, exceeding RDX in terms of energy content and suggesting its potential as a viable high-energy explosive substitute for RDX. While salt 2 exhibits a slightly lower level of detonation performance than HMX, it possesses better sensitivity, which mean that salt 2 retains a considerable potential for valuable applications.