Synergistic engineering of ZnCo₂O₄ and carbon nanotubes on 3D nickel foam for enhanced lithium-ion transport and high-performance anode applications

The ZnCo₂O₄/carbon nanotube composite electrode was grown in situ on three-dimensional nickel foam (NF) via a solvothermal method, achieving a synergistically engineered multidimensional conductive network integrated with electrochemically active components. The high specific surface area and interconnected porous structure of NF provide a robust scaffold for the growth of ZnCo₂O₄ nanoflowers, thereby improving electrolyte accessibility and Li-ion diffusion kinetics. The conductive pathways formed by carbon nanotubes (CNTs) offer mechanical flexibility and nanoscale reinforcement, effectively buffering the volume change of ZnCo₂O₄ during charge/discharge and preserving electrode integrity. By tuning the CNTs content, the ion-transport kinetics of the composite electrode can be systematically regulated. The appropriate amount of CNTs significantly reduces the charge transfer impedance, promotes the interfacial electron migration and ion diffusion, and thus exhibits excellent rate performance and cycle stability. The electrode delivers an initial discharge specific capacity of 1913 mAh g−1 with a first-cycle coulombic efficiency of 73.3%. After 100 cycles, a reversible capacity of 1208.3 mAh g−1 is retained, indicating good cycling stability and structural durability.