Strategic mineral policies for Indonesia: Enhancing global competitiveness, economic growth, and environmental sustainability through innovation and renewable energy

The ability to meet the increasing demand for those commodities is owed to Indonesia's mineral resources, which are now and, in the future, when environmental issues must be tackled. This research explores the relationship between resource exports and economic growth emission control in Indonesia from 1991 to 2021 within the 18 renewable energy countries. Employing the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood approach, it is identified that technological innovation and economic growth in the importing country affect emissions in Indonesia. Still, income growth poses a threat to Indonesia. At the same time, domestic income development presents some difficulties. Crucially, it emerged that crude oil and mineral prices were not linked to Green House Gas emissions. The analysis shows that variations in crude oil and minerals prices have negligible impact on Green House Gas emissions. Recommendations are to encourage the processing of value-added minerals and innovation in Indonesia for continued economy and enhancement of the sustainable mining system. Investigating the effect of mineral pricing on stable economic and environmental conditions is recommended for further research; the Indonesian geopolitical role in the green economy is presented.