Recent progress of indium-based photocatalysts: Classification, regulation and diversified applications

Due to the suitable bandgap, unique electronic state, adjustable atomic structure and outstanding optoelectronic properties, In-based materials exhibits intriguing photocatalytic performances. This critical review summarizes recent progress in the design and tuning of various In-based photocatalysts to boost solar energy conversion efficiency. First, the state-of-the-art progress of In-based photocatalysts is reviewed with the classification of In-based oxides, In-based chalcogenides, In-based phosphochalcogenides, In-based oxometalate and others. Subsequently, tailoring strategies to optimize the photocatalytic activity of In-based photocatalysts has been summarized with an emphasis on structure–activity relationship, such as morphology controlling, doping, defect engineering, cocatalysts modification, single atom engineering, crystal phase engineering and heterojunction construction. This review will further introduce various photocatalytic applications of In-based materials in the fields of H₂ evolution, O₂ evolution, CO₂ reduction, N₂ fixation, organic syntheses, and pollutant degradation. Finally, the current challenges and the future development prospects in In-based photocatalysts are put forward.