Recent development review of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene-based microsupercapacitors: a multi-dimensional analysis spanning from underlying mechanisms to integrated applications

Microsupercapacitors, as innovative energy storage devices, have garnered significant attention in microelectronics and wearable applications. The urgent demand to enhance the charge storage capacity and operational efficiency of MSCs, coupled with challenges such as limited charge-active sites and low ion transport efficiency, has driven continuous optimization of their constituent materials and structural designs. The emerging two-dimensional MXenes, with their rich surface chemical functionalities, tunable interlayer spacing, and excellent compatibility with various nanomaterials, offer unprecedented opportunities for MSCs. However, current analyses of how MXenes enhance the performance of MSCs from the energy storage mechanism perspective, their multiple applications in MSCs, and the system-level integration of MSCs are incomplete, limiting the development of this field. Herein, this review presents a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in the energy storage mechanisms and fabrication techniques of Ti₃C₂T_x-based MSCs, especially emphasizes their applications across various components of MSCs, and provides a detailed summary of integrated examples of MSC-powered systems. This work offers an in-depth analysis of the key role of Ti₃C₂T_x in enhancing the performance of MSCs, as well as outlines the challenges and prospects for its forthcoming research, with the potential to drive continued innovation in high-performance flexible energy storage devices.