Pseudocapacitive TiNb_0.8O₄ microspheres for fast-charging and durable sodium storage

Titanium niobium oxides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their efficient ion diffusion channels. However, their poor electronic conductivity impedes the longevity of SIBs. To address these issues, core@shell TiNb_0.8O₄/C@C microspheres (TNO/C@C) have been developed to enhance electron conduction. The TNO/C@C, featuring a bulk and surface dual conductive configuration, outperforms pure TNO and other control samples such as TNO/C and TNO@C that rely solely on either bulk or surface electronic conductors. Thus, the TNO/C@C achieves a fast-charging rate of 200 C, allowing full charging in 2 s, and demonstrates long-term stability over 10,000 cycles. In-situ Raman analysis reveals a zero-strain feature during sodiation/desodiation, which minimizes structural degradation over repeated cycles. In-situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test indicates low electron resistance, enhancing both the rate capability and stability. Therefore, the bulk and surface dual conducting strategy offers new insights into robust and fast-charging SIBs.