Progress of carbon and Metal-Based Three-Dimensional materials for Dendrite-Proof and Interface-Compatible lithium metal anode

Accompanied with ever-increasing demand of high energy storage devices, lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have received wide interest due to the extraordinarily high theoretical energy density and specific capacity. However, the issue of Li dendrite growth, caused by uneven Li deposition, side reactions of the electrode process, and unstable electrode/electrolyte interface, has severely handicapped the application and development of Li metal anodes. Rational design of the electrode–electrolyte interface is of great importance for dendrite-proof and interface-compatible LMBs. In this regard, three-dimensional (3D) materials have been concentrated owing to the excellent structural stability, high specific surface area, high porosity and easy-to-control hierarchical structure. This review focuses on the research progress of 3D materials in response to solving the interface problems of Li metal anodes, including metal-based and carbon-based 3D current collectors, and the application of organic and inorganic 3D materials to interface modification. We also analyze the function and mechanism of 3D material-controlled interface as well as the underlying principle of interface design. Challenges and development pathways of 3D materials are finally proposed to boost the further application of LMBs.