Potential biomarkers for human Ascending aortic aneurysm identified through metagenomic and metabolomic analyses: A case-control study

Introduction Ascending aortic aneurysm (AsAA) is a high-risk cardiovascular condition; recent research indicates a possible association between gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and the pathogenesis of AsAA. Objective This study aims to investigate the compositional and metabolic alterations in the gut microbiota of AsAA patients to identify potential biomarkers for AsAA. Methods This study enlisted 72 participants, comprising 44 individuals with AsAA and 28 healthy controls. All participants underwent examination for clinical features, and fecal and plasma samples were obtained for metagenomic and metabolomic studies. Results Metagenomic analysis revealed a significant reduction of 23 bacterial species in AsAA patients, including Bifidobacterium adolescentis , Bifidobacterium longum , Lactiplantibacillus plantarum , Enterococcus faecalis , and Streptococcus thermophilus , while 52 bacterial species, such as Prevotella copri , Phascolarctobacterium faecium , and Eubacterium ventriosum , were found to be enriched. Furthermore, we identified seven microbial co-abundance groups (CAGs), of which three (predominantly comprising Roseburia , Agathobacter , and Prevotella ) were significantly elevated in AsAA patients, whereas one (predominantly comprising Escherichia ) was substantially diminished. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway displayed the most pronounced differences between groups. Metabolomics data revealed that 22 metabolites, including ceramides, were significantly elevated, while 8 metabolites, such as threonine, were notably downregulated. Moreover, clinical indicators like C-reactive protein (CRP) and complement components C3 and C4 have shown strong correlations with specific gut microbiota ( Streptococcus, Prevotella ) and plasma metabolites (threonine, ceramides). These findings indicate that inflammatory responses, metabolic dysregulation, and gut microbiota imbalance are pivotal in the etiology of AsAA. Conclusion This study demonstrates substantial alterations in gut microbiota composition and plasma metabolites in patients with AsAA. Prevotella and ceramides exhibit potential as biomarkers for AsAA diagnosis. Furthermore, a synergy of Prevotella and ceramides may function as a potent disease prediction classifier, offering novel perspectives on the early diagnosis and targeted treatment of AsAA.