Nanomedicines and stroke: Advantages in chronic inflammation treatment and neural regeneration

Stroke can be categorized as ischemic and hemorrhagic on the basis of its origin. The pathophysiology following a stroke is complex, and is characterized by ongoing inflammation, neuronal injury, and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the brain, all of which reflect a dynamic process of change. This complexity hinders achievement of significant therapeutic outcomes with standard stroke treatment procedures, limiting post-stroke recovery. This review presents an innovative post-stroke therapeutic approach that utilizes nanomedicines to modify the cerebral microenvironment. It highlights the primary roles of chronic inflammation and nerve repair issues in causing prolonged impairment in stroke patients. Traditional therapies show limited effectiveness in achieving neuroprotection, immunoregulation, and neural regeneration during the subacute and chronic phases of stroke. Therefore, effective stroke management requires the use of specific therapeutic strategies tailored to the pathological characteristics of each phase. Various types of nanomedicines possess distinct physicochemical properties and can be selected on the basis of the specific therapeutic needs. Surface-modification technologies have significantly enhanced the ability of nanomedicines to penetrate the blood–brain barrier and improve their targeting capabilities in drug administration. However, the stability, biocompatibility, and long-term safety of nanomedicines require further optimization for clinical application. Nanomedicines represent a novel approach to stroke treatment through targeted delivery and multifaceted regulatory mechanisms. These medicines provide distinct advantages, particularly in addressing chronic inflammation and promoting nerve regeneration. As a result, nanomedicines are expected to significantly improve rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life for stroke patients in the future, emerging as a crucial modality for stroke treatment.