Nanogenerator-based devices for biomedical applications

Microelectronics, as indispensable tools in clinics, can monitor physiological signals, treat diseases, and promote human health. An efficient and uninterrupted energy supply is key to the application of implanted and wearable devices. Traditional energy supply systems typically rely on batteries and connections to external power sources; however, the inconvenience of charging, limited working life of the battery, and the risk of reoperation limit their applications, and meanwhile prompt investigation of self-driven, long-term power supplies. The nanogenerator, as an ideal power supply, collects biomechanical energy from physiological activities such as muscle movement, heartbeat, respiration, gastric peristalsis, and performs electrical signal conversion for detection of physiological/pathological indicators, cardiac pacing, nerve stimulation, tissue repair, and weight control. Here, we review the design of nanogenerators and their biomedical applications, which may inspire future development of self-powered medical devices.