Multi-Level Thermal Modeling and Management of Battery Energy Storage Systems

With the accelerating global transition toward sustainable energy, the role of battery energy storage systems (ESSs) becomes increasingly prominent. This study employs the isothermal battery calorimetry (IBC) measurement method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to develop a multi-domain thermal modeling framework for battery systems, spanning from individual cells to modules, clusters, and ultimately the container level. Experimental validation confirms the model’s accuracy, with the simulated maximum cell temperature of 36.2 °C showing only a 1.8 °C deviation from the measured value of 34.4 °C under real-world operating conditions. Furthermore, by integrating on-site calibrated thermodynamic parameters of the container, a battery system energy efficiency model is established. Combined with the battery aging engineering model, a coupled lifetime–energy efficiency model is constructed. Six different control strategies are simulated and analyzed to quantify the system’s comprehensive lifecycle benefits. The results demonstrate that the optimized control strategy enhances the overall energy storage station revenue by 2.63%, yielding an additional cumulative profit of CNY 13.676 million over the entire lifecycle. This research provides an effective simulation framework and decision-making basis for the thermal management optimization and economic evaluation of battery ESSs.