Machine Learning-Based In Situ Identification of the High-Dimensional Parameter Space for an Equivalent Circuit Model

Accurate online identification of equivalent circuit model (ECM) parameters of lithium-ion battery electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) remains a challenge, particularly with high-dimensional parameter spaces. Here, 11-dimensional adapted Randles ECM (AR-ECM) is reduced to two low-dimensional models, and the EIS frequency ranges for each AR-ECM parameter were determined by distinguishing the frequency bands representing different electrochemical processes. A multi-step parameter in situ identification methodology was developed to minimize onboard training costs by selecting an optimal training set for machine learning based on the Euclidean distance between the collected and generated EIS data. A Gaussian process regression model was constructed by correlating the AR-ECM parameters and EIS to estimate the AR-ECM parameters. Model performance was validated using 12 cells at different temperatures. Experimental results show that a simulated database covering the main EIS and AR-ECM characteristics can be established, whose scale is on the order of 1e^6, much smaller than the order of 1e^11 resulting from each AR-ECM parameter being varied among 10 values. The estimation errors of the key AR-ECM parameters are approximately 5% at different temperatures. The maximum estimation error of all parameters is as low as 9.03%, 13.96% lower than that based on the complex nonlinear least squares method.