TY - JOUR
T1 - Lead carboxylates passivation for metre-scale perovskite solar modules
AU - Xu, Dongdong
AU - Xiao, Ke
AU - Liu, Ye
AU - Luo, Xin
AU - Xu, Jian
AU - Wei, Yikang
AU - Ahmed, Yameen
AU - Yang, Shuncheng
AU - Liu, Haonan
AU - Wang, Yinke
AU - Huang, Shun
AU - Li, Manya
AU - Zhang, Yuhong
AU - Gao, Han
AU - Sun, Hongfei
AU - Duan, Gongtao
AU - Han, Qiaolei
AU - Liu, Qiang
AU - Zhang, Shuo
AU - Lv, Xingjie
AU - Jiang, Jingfu
AU - Li, Chao
AU - Liu, Dongxue
AU - Hao, Min
AU - Hou, Xincheng
AU - Saidaminov, Makhsud I.
AU - Tan, Hairen
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited 2026.
PY - 2026/9/24
Y1 - 2026/9/24
N2 - Environmentally sensitive ammonium halides have emerged as indispensable surface passivators for perovskite solar cells, demonstrating broadly effective performance at the laboratory scale1, 2, 3–4. However, the sensitivity of ammonium halides to humidity typically necessitates operation under an inert atmosphere5. Coupled with the heterogeneous distribution of passivators during large-area slot-die coating, applying such surface treatment techniques to the fabrication of metre-scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs) under ambient conditions remains challenging. Here we instead use chemically stable lead carboxylates as passivators on perovskite films engineered to have a naturally formed formamidinium iodide (FAI)-enriched surface by means of a high-saturated vapour pressure (SVP) solvent system (2-methoxyethanol (2-Me), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). By treating the tailored surface with lead dioleate (Pb(OA)2) to enhance carrier transport and surface passivation, we fabricated PSMs that achieved certified efficiencies of 24.0% (aperture area of 810 cm2) and 22.0% (total area 0.72 m2) and passed all International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215 reliability tests. These results represent the highest reported performance for scalable, industrially viable perovskite photovoltaics (PVs).
AB - Environmentally sensitive ammonium halides have emerged as indispensable surface passivators for perovskite solar cells, demonstrating broadly effective performance at the laboratory scale1, 2, 3–4. However, the sensitivity of ammonium halides to humidity typically necessitates operation under an inert atmosphere5. Coupled with the heterogeneous distribution of passivators during large-area slot-die coating, applying such surface treatment techniques to the fabrication of metre-scale perovskite solar modules (PSMs) under ambient conditions remains challenging. Here we instead use chemically stable lead carboxylates as passivators on perovskite films engineered to have a naturally formed formamidinium iodide (FAI)-enriched surface by means of a high-saturated vapour pressure (SVP) solvent system (2-methoxyethanol (2-Me), 1,3-dioxolane (DOL) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)). By treating the tailored surface with lead dioleate (Pb(OA)2) to enhance carrier transport and surface passivation, we fabricated PSMs that achieved certified efficiencies of 24.0% (aperture area of 810 cm2) and 22.0% (total area 0.72 m2) and passed all International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61215 reliability tests. These results represent the highest reported performance for scalable, industrially viable perovskite photovoltaics (PVs).
UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105050780697
U2 - 10.1038/s41586-026-10994-7
DO - 10.1038/s41586-026-10994-7
M3 - Article
C2 - 42742169
AN - SCOPUS:105050780697
SN - 0028-0836
VL - 657
SP - 918
EP - 924
JO - Nature
JF - Nature
IS - 8133
ER -