Intelligent Hierarchical Hydrogel Architectures Integrating Photothermal Conversion, Self-Healing, Bioadhesion and Antibacterial Activity for Next-Generation Wound Management

Effective wound management remains a significant challenge in healthcare, necessitating advanced materials that can address multiple limitations of wound healing simultaneously. Herein, we developed a novel mfp5-inspired and multicross-linked hydrogel (DAPEG/GAEPL@TA/Fe) incorporating dibenzaldehyde-terminated polyethylene glycol, ε-poly-l-lysine, gallic acid, tannic acid, and Fe³⁺ions. Physicochemical properties of the hydrogel, antibacterial efficacy, hemostatic capabilities, and wound healing performance were extensively assessed by means of in vitro and in vivo investigations. The DAPEG/GAEPL@TA/Fe hydrogel demonstrated strong wet adhesion, excellent mechanical properties, and self-healing capabilities. Its antibacterial efficacy was enhanced by photothermal conversion under NIR irradiation, effectively inhibiting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The hydrogel showed remarkable hemostatic performance in mouse models and significantly accelerated wound healing in vivo, with enhanced collagen deposition and reduced inflammation. The multifunctional DAPEG/GAEPL@TA/Fe hydrogel embodies a breakthrough in wound dressing materials, offering a comprehensive solution for complex wound management challenges. Its unique combination of properties and demonstrated efficacy suggest promising potential for clinical utilization in wound management and tissue regeneration.