Homogeneously distributed self-assembled molecules for efficient and scalable perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells

Uniform self-assembled molecules distribution is critical for scaling perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Carbazole self-assembled molecules suffer from aggregation-induced inhomogeneity due to their planar conjugated terminal groups, impairing film coverage and adhesion. We report a dimethylacridine-based molecule featuring a partially distorted backbone that modulates self-aggregation, improving solubility and film uniformity while enhancing charge transport via extended conjugation. This suppresses buried-interface non-radiative recombination, yielding a 19.1% efficiency for 1.68-eV single-junction modules (783.7 cm² aperture)—a record for this category. Perovskite/silicon tandems achieve 32.6% (certified 32.4%) on a 1.163-cm² active area and 29.4% (certified 28.12%) on a 16-cm² active area, with an open-circuit voltage (V _OC) of up to 2.02 V. Encapsulated devices retain 96.2% efficiency after 1,100 h of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) under 1-sun illumination, demonstrating scalable efficiency and exceptional operational stability essential for photovoltaic manufacturing.