Geometric Design and Electronic Engineering of Transition Metal Phosphides for Key Electrochemical Energy Technologies: Nanoarchitectonics and Application

Transition Metal Phosphides (TMPs) are highly focused on as electrode materials for their potential applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion (EESC) devices due to their high theoretical capacity, carrier mobility, and excellent chemical and mechanical stability. However, pristine TMPs typically suffer from low device stability and safety concerns due to sluggish electronic/ionic kinetics and volumetric variation after prolonged cycling. The precise morphological design and synthesis of TMPs with good dispersity, novel assembling techniques, and mitigation approaches, emphasizing nanoarchitectonics engineering, opens up new frontiers to overcome these challenges. This paper comprehensively reviews state-of-the-art advances in TMP-based key materials, focusing on geometric design engineering, electronic structure modulation, and their applications in EESC, including rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis. In the end, current technical concerns and potential future research prospects of TMP-based nanostructured materials have also been presented for EESC applications.