Full-Duplex Empowered ISAC System for Low-Altitude Economy: Conception, Design, and Prototype Verification

This article establishes Full-Duplex Integrated Sensing and Communication (FD-ISAC) as a transformative framework conception for the low-altitude economy. We design a hierarchical system architecture coordinating aerial control centers, mobile platforms, and ground entities through co-designed waveforms, enabling simultaneous high-throughput communication and high-precision sensing. The system overcomes fundamental limitations of conventional half-duplex ISAC by eliminating time-division switching overhead and sensing blind zones. Key innovations include: 1) Dynamic waveform adaptation for Doppler-resilient operations in 3D environments, 2) Multi-stage interference cancellation achieving >120dB suppression, and 3) Superimposed waveform enhanced echo analysis in urban multipath scenarios. Extensive simulations and hardware prototypes verification demonstrate significant throughput gains and sub-meter ranging accuracy during high-speed mobility. We further identify critical challenges in volumetric interference management, airborne hardware integration, and cross-domain security, providing a research roadmap for next-generation aerial networks. The proposed framework unlocks new capabilities for urban air mobility, emergency response, and smart city infrastructure.