Finite-element Adaptive Meshing Statistics of Liquid Crystal Coaxial Phase Shifters for mmW Electronics and THz Photonics Beyond Display: A Comparative Study

mmW and THz frequencies offer ultra-high-speed communications for next-generation 5G/6G networks, wherein research advancing the understanding will benefit the electronics and photonics community. Specifically, meshing resolutions across varying frequency ranges and material properties are central to the solution accuracy, reliability, and cost (memory and time) of computational mmW and THz simulations, particularly for the emerging reconfigurable coaxial phase shifters employing nematic liquid crystals (LCs) as tunable media. In the present study, a comparative meshing statistics analysis is conducted for two devices designed for 60 GHz and 0.3 THz, respectively. Each design features two distinct tuning states (LC permittivity of 2.754 and 3.3, respectively), all pertinent to the coaxial TEM (Transverse Electromagnetic) mode. By quantifying the broadband meshing and solution statistics of diverse frequencies and dielectric tuning states for the first time, we establish memory-conserving computational metrology involving reconfigurable coaxial devices operationalized with LC-filled tunable dielectrics tailored for mmW electronics and THz photonics.