Energy storage potential and resource substitution assessment of vehicle-to-grid interaction toward carbon neutrality

Under the carbon neutrality target, the large-scale deployment of electric vehicles presents new challenges to power system operation. Vehicle-to-grid interaction is regarded as a key pathway to achieve peak shaving and provide storage support. However, significant differences in user access times and charging preferences may lead to a mismatch between participation in vehicle-to-grid and grid regulation needs, affecting the effectiveness of load management and storage supply. To address this issue, this study develops a simulation model for vehicle-to-grid interaction pathways that integrates electric vehicle development trends with user behavior characteristics. Based on large-scale real charging data, typical charging behavior types are identified, and behavior-based vehicle-to-grid strategy scenarios are constructed. The model evaluates the impacts of these strategies on grid load regulation, storage supply potential, and the mitigation of demand for critical resources under the carbon neutrality pathway. Results show that vehicle-to-grid strategies with orderly charging can provide 600.7 GW of mobile storage accounting for 53.2 percent of the additional demand, and cumulatively alleviate 5188.4 kilotons of critical resource demand. This study reveals how behavioral differences influence the outcomes of vehicle-to-grid strategies and provides insights for optimizing vehicle-to-grid strategies under carbon neutrality goals.