Energy management for battery electric vehicle with automated mechanical transmission

This paper discusses the optimal gear-shifting of automated mechanical transmission and energy management of a battery electric vehicle (BEV). First, a control-oriented model of BEV is built, including the battery state-of-charge (SOC) and state-of-health (SOH) model. The energy management of BEV is formulated as a typical optimal control problem to trade off the electricity consumption and the lifetime of the battery. Secondly, the gear-shifting strategy based on dynamic programming (DP) demonstrates that the automated mechanical transmission (AMT) could reduce the electricity consumption in BEV. The simulation results show the energy management strategy derived from DP prolongs the battery life with a small penalty on electricity consumption. Finally, the total cost of electricity consumption and battery replacements is analysed to indicate the economic efficiency of the energy management strategy.