Emerging paired diatomic sites toward synergistic NH₃ synthesis

Diatomic catalysts' distinctive characteristics play a significant role in their potential applications, particularly in the catalytic conversion of nitrogen (N₂) to ammonia (NH₃). Here, we review the historical development of dual atom catalysts (DACs) and provide a critical outline of their distinctiveness. The tuning interaction between the two component metal atoms, manipulation of the coordination structure, control of the diatomic distance, regulation of the interplay between metal atoms, and the support and surface functionalization of DACs are highlighted because they are fundamental to the drivers mentioned above. The impact of the microstructure of DACs on their catalytic performance has been addressed. The uses of the catalytic reactions are examined in detail: electrocatalytic, photocatalytic, and thermal conversion reactions of N₂/NO_x to NH₃. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of DACs in synthesizing NH₃ have been discussed.