Economic and low-carbon planning for interconnected integrated energy systems considering emerging technologies and future development trends

The integrated energy system facilitates the synergistic and efficient utilization of diverse energy. Establishing interconnected regional energy internets by linking multiple integrated energy systems enables the realization of cross-sector, cross-temporal, and cross-subject energy coupling, consequently enhancing economic benefits, driving profound decarbonization, and bolstering energy resilience. This study develops a multi-agent planning model grounded in an electricity-heat-hydrogen sharing framework, collaboratively optimizing capacity configurations and energy scheduling strategies across various integrated energy systems containing emerging technologies. Furthermore, this study integrates the trading volume and prices of various energy sources to distinguish the energy sharing contribution of each participant, then combines with the Nash bargaining game, forming a fair cooperative benefit allocation incentive mechanism. The proposed model is adeptly solved using the alternating directions method of multipliers, ensuring the protection of participants’ private information. To reflect seasonal characteristics of energy supply and demand, this study uses the daily data of three integrated energy systems across four seasons to simulate. The research results reveal an annual cost saving of 233.73 thousand RMB and a reduction of 290.85 tCO₂. Additionally, the impact of variations in electricity operation modes, uncertainties, and emerging technical advances are evaluated to further validate the sustainability of the multi-energy trading mechanism.