Eco-Friendly and Air-Compatible Fabrication of Reduced-Dimensional Perovskites for High-Efficiency Light-Emitting Diodes

Perovskite light-emitting diodes have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation lighting and display technologies owing to their superior efficiency and high color purity. However, the perovskite active layers are highly sensitive to moisture and oxygen in ambient air, necessitating fabrication under protective atmospheres, which would increase production costs and limit industrial scalability. Moreover, the use of toxic antisolvents poses additional environmental concerns. Here, we report air-processable reduced-dimensional perovskites enabled by a dual passivation strategy to reduce the defect density and improve the film quality. Specifically, ammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate was incorporated into the perovskite precursor solution, while tris(4-fluorophenyl)phosphine oxide was introduced via an eco-friendly antisolvent (ethyl acetate). These passivating agents effectively coordinate with the perovskite framework, suppressing defect formation. The resulting devices achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency of 13.9% and enhanced operating stability and economic efficiency, thereby bringing an important step toward the commercialization of perovskite light-emitting diodes in optoelectronic applications.