Designing solid-state interfaces on lithium-metal anodes: a review

Li-metal anodes are one of the most promising energy storage systems that can considerably exceed the current technology to meet the ever-increasing demand of power applications. The apparent cycling performances and dendrite challenges of Li-metal anodes are highly influenced by the interface layer on the Li-metal anode because the intrinsic high reactivity of metallic Li results in an inevitable solid-state interface layer between the Li-metal and electrolytes. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on the interfacial chemistry regarding the interactions between electrolytes and ion migration through dynamic interfaces. The critical factors that affect the interface formation for constructing a stable interface with a low resistance are reviewed. Moreover, we review emerging strategies for rationally designing multiple-structured solid-state electrolytes and their interfaces, including the interfacial properties within hybrid electrolytes and the solid electrolyte/electrode interface. Finally, we present scientific issues and perspectives associated with Li-metal anode interfaces toward a practical Li-metal battery.