Cutting-Edge Advancements in Physical Stimulation for Spiral Ganglion Neuron Protection and Regeneration

This article elucidates the pivotal role of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) in auditory signal transduction and examines the factors contributing to their degeneration. Initially, it highlights the advantages of biological scaffolds as physical substrates for delivering stimulatory cues, providing neural guidance, and optimizing the local microenvironment. Subsequently, recent advancements in physical stimulation modalities, including topographical modulation, electrical stimulation, and photostimulation, are summarized, which demonstrate potential for promoting SGN protection and regeneration. Furthermore, the multifaceted benefits of biomaterial scaffolds as a platform for physical regulation are explored in depth. These scaffolds are capable of providing stimuli, guiding nerve growth, and improving the local microenvironment. These diverse physical interventions modulate SGN biological behavior through distinct underlying mechanisms, thereby offering novel perspectives for therapeutic strategies targeting hearing disorders, such as sensorineural hearing loss. Finally, the current challenges associated with the application of physical stimulation in SGN regeneration research are acknowledged. Future directions for therapeutic development are outlined, with the aim of providing a robust theoretical foundation and practical insights to enhance the efficacy of treatments for auditory pathologies.