Cross-Time Trigger Shooting Method for Energy Management of Connected Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) has the potential to be a breakthrough in balancing performance and computation for connected plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (C-PHEVs), provided that the barriers to the regulation of equivalent factor (EF) are eliminated. To address this gap, this article develops a cross-time trigger shooting method for the energy management of C-PHEVs. Not only fuel consumption but also emissions indexes are considered in synergy to derive the optimal EF interval independent of external conditions. To curtail redundant operations, the trigger period in light of input-to-state stability (ISS) is designed. Assisted with the derived optimal EF interval and finite triggering opportunities, a cross-time trigger shooting ECMS (CTS-ECMS) is constructed by inheriting the solution from the previous trigger moment as the upper or lower bound of the interval at this moment, so that the balance between performance and computational power is achieved. Finally, simulation and bench experiments are performed to corroborate the performance of CTS-ECMS. Compared with the conventional adaptive ECMS (CA-ECMS), CTS-ECMS achieves 3.579% and 1.766% fuel economy savings, with the total emissions decreased by 4.909% and 8.333% under two test scenarios, respectively. And the parameter transmission rate of CTS-ECMS is reduced by 93.33% compared with the nontriggered case. Furthermore, the superiority of the strategy is validated on the bench platform, demonstrating its application prospects.