Charging time and loss optimization for LiNMC and LiFePO₄ batteries based on equivalent circuit models

Battery management system monitors and mitigates the operation of battery cells and stacks and is important for battery safety and reliability. This paper presents a dual-objective optimal charging strategy for two types of Li-ion batteries, which considers the conflict objectives of charging time and charging loss. The battery models developed in a prior research are used in the charging optimization. The influences of the charging voltage threshold, temperature, and health status on the charging results are analyzed for both lithium nickel-manganese-cobalt oxide (LiNMC) and lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO ₄) batteries. A comparison with the charging results based on the models that cannot describe the entire battery dynamics is also performed.