Biological hierarchically structured porous materials (Bio-HSPMs) for biomedical applications

Materials science contributes to the development of various disciplines whose shared goal is aiding living organisms or improving man-made structures. Biological hierarchically structured porous materials [Bio-HSPMs: e.g., zeolites, mesoporous silicas, other oxides, organic polymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), graphene, molybdenum disulfate (MOS ₂ ), and porous nanocomposites] are among the latest advances in the synthesis, characterization, and application of materials. In Bio-HSPMs, hierarchy enables the outstanding properties (e.g., high surface area, excellent accessibility of active sites, and enhanced mass transport/diffusion) that lend these materials to be used in high-performance applications in various fields. In this paper, we cover the classification, characterization, toxicity, optimization, milestones, challenges, and future directions regarding the research and development of Bio-HSPMs for biomedical applications. Our efforts will aid multidisciplinary scientists who are planning to expand their research into this emerging area of research.