Aptamer-engineered SERS sensors: Molecular recognition meets plasmonic enhancement for precision detection

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique with high sensitivity, fast response, and non-destructive detection, but it faces interference from other substances in practical applications. Aptamers, as excellent affinity agents, have the capability to bind with various targets to form stable structures. The integration of aptamers into SERS sensors can significantly enhance the acquisition and selection of target objects, thereby enabling the detection of various functional molecules. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of SERS enhancement and the construction of SERS substrates. We summarize the design strategies for aptamer-based SERS technology and provide an overview of its applications in environmental pollutant detection, food safety and quality monitoring, and biomedical diagnostics. Finally, we discuss the current advantages and limitations of aptamer-based SERS sensors, as well as the vast potential for future development. This review will provide a guiding route for the development and application of novel aptamer-based sensors.