Advancements in hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) systems multi objective optimization strategies and emerging Frontiers

Photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) technology enables the simultaneous conversion of solar energy into both electrical and thermal energy, representing a key research focus in the field of renewable energy applications. However, the underlying mechanism of electrical-thermal synergistic optimization and demand matching remains unclear, which significantly hinders its practical application and deployment. This paper establishes an analytical framework from the dual dimensions of “energy flow hierarchy” and “application scenarios”, conducting a systematic review of existing PV/T studies. It elucidates the mechanisms of action and applicable scenarios of various key technologies from three perspectives: electrical performance enhancement, thermal performance improvement, and electrical-thermal synergy. Furthermore, this paper identifies that current PV/T technologies still confront challenges in cost, stability, and environmental adaptability during practical application. Accordingly, future research directions are put forward from perspectives including material development, structural optimization, and artificial intelligence. The proposed analytical framework affords researchers a systematic approach to evaluating and developing next-generation PV/T technologies.