TY - JOUR
T1 - Advanced Sensory Hardware for Intelligent Eye-Machine Interfacing
T2 - from Wearables to Bionics
AU - Wang, Zhuoran
AU - Li, Shukun
AU - Shen, Guozhen
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2025 Wiley-VCH GmbH.
PY - 2025
Y1 - 2025
N2 - Eye-machine interfacing (EMI) is playing a critical role in enabling effective and immersive human-machine interaction (HMI), which is of significance in various fields related to the Internet of Things (IoT), including VR/AR, autonomous driving, brain-computer interface, robotics, biomedicine, etc. EMI is realized by various eye-interfaced technologies, from wearable eye-movement tracking and theranostic smart contact lenses to visual prosthetic implants and bionic eyes, where progress is being promoted by the rapid advancements in corresponding sensory technologies toward the vision of reduced size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP). Emerging functional materials, especially low-dimensional nanomaterials, are the key driving force in enabling flexible and transparent design, multimodal and intelligent sensing, and up-scaled, integrated processing in advanced EMI sensory hardware. In recognition of the importance of EMI and recent progress in its key sensory technologies, this article provides a critical review of the state-of-the-art EMI fundamentals, materials, and devices, highlighting the advanced functional nanomaterials-based progress in eye-tracking, healthcare, and visual prosthetics. Moreover, insights are provided, where flexible and transparent form factors, in-sensor computing architectures, and biomimetic communicating methods are envisioned, aiming at promoting elaborations on future wearable and bionic EMI applications toward optimized SWaP.
AB - Eye-machine interfacing (EMI) is playing a critical role in enabling effective and immersive human-machine interaction (HMI), which is of significance in various fields related to the Internet of Things (IoT), including VR/AR, autonomous driving, brain-computer interface, robotics, biomedicine, etc. EMI is realized by various eye-interfaced technologies, from wearable eye-movement tracking and theranostic smart contact lenses to visual prosthetic implants and bionic eyes, where progress is being promoted by the rapid advancements in corresponding sensory technologies toward the vision of reduced size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP). Emerging functional materials, especially low-dimensional nanomaterials, are the key driving force in enabling flexible and transparent design, multimodal and intelligent sensing, and up-scaled, integrated processing in advanced EMI sensory hardware. In recognition of the importance of EMI and recent progress in its key sensory technologies, this article provides a critical review of the state-of-the-art EMI fundamentals, materials, and devices, highlighting the advanced functional nanomaterials-based progress in eye-tracking, healthcare, and visual prosthetics. Moreover, insights are provided, where flexible and transparent form factors, in-sensor computing architectures, and biomimetic communicating methods are envisioned, aiming at promoting elaborations on future wearable and bionic EMI applications toward optimized SWaP.
KW - eye-machine interfacing
KW - eye-tracking
KW - flexible electronics
KW - human-machine interaction
KW - low-dimensional materials
KW - smart contact lens
KW - visual prosthetics
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=105002387783&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/adfm.202503519
DO - 10.1002/adfm.202503519
M3 - Review article
AN - SCOPUS:105002387783
SN - 1616-301X
JO - Advanced Functional Materials
JF - Advanced Functional Materials
ER -