Admm-based health-conscious energy management strategy with fuel cell and battery degradation synergy real-time control for fuel cell vehicle

The degradation of the dual-source system composed of fuel cell-lithium battery is a complex nonlinear process with strong coupling and multiple interactions. The power output and degradation trajectories of these dual energy sources are often poorly coordinated, leading to deteriorated operating states and negative impacts on system economy. To address this issue, this paper proposes an Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM)-based strategy integrated with Model Predictive Control (MPC). This integrated strategy effectively coordinates the power output and degradation trajectories of the dual energy sources by unifying the optimization variables and designing an iterative update mechanism. The strategy forms a distributed convex optimization problem that can be efficiently optimized using ADMM. By leveraging ADMM's excellent solving efficiency and its ability to handle cooperative interactions among multiple agents, an online ADMM solver is developed and nested into the MPC framework to form an A-MPC strategy, extending ADMM's application to online scenarios. The simulation results show that the decay coordination of A-MPC strategy is 39.43% higher than that of Dynamic Programming (DP) strategy and 21.19% higher than that of ADMM strategy alone. Furthermore, the A-MPC strategy also improves the overall system life-cycle economics, with an enhancement of 4.16% compared to DP and 0.08% compared to ADMM.