A Toolbox for Lithium–Sulfur Battery Research: Methods and Protocols

Favorable characteristics, such as high energy density, cost efficiency, and environmental benignity, render lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries a promising candidate to meet the increasing demand for efficient and economic energy-storage systems. Many efforts have been devoted to and much progress has been achieved in Li–S-battery research from both the scientific and technological viewpoints. Various tools, methods, and protocols have been developed for Li–S-battery research. Here, these advancements are summarized, from spectroscopic to electrochemical techniques, and the landscape of Li–S chemistry is painted from reactions to transport phenomena. The aim is to provide a comprehensive toolbox for Li–S-battery research and spur future development in multi-electron chemistry, multiphase conversion, and related energy-storage systems and fields.