A novel molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor based on Ni₃(HITP)₂-MOF and a novel anti-fouling material for the direct detection of glucose in whole blood

Blood glucose monitoring is crucial for the early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes; however, traditional electrochemical biosensors face challenges in detecting glucose in whole blood. To address this, we developed a fouling-resistant molecularly imprinted electrochemical biosensor. The sensor utilizes a nickel-based metal-organic framework (MOF), Ni₃(HITP)₂ (HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene), as the modifier, o-phenylenediamine (o-PD) as the monomer, and glucose as the template to prepare the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). A phase-transition bovine serum albumin (PTB) anti-fouling layer was added to the electrode, resulting in the construction of the PTB/MIP/Ni₃(HITP)₂-MOF/SPCE sensor. This sensor demonstrates excellent antifouling capability, selectivity, and sensitivity, with a detection range of 1 μM to 100 mM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.31 μM. It requires no pre-treatment and can directly detect glucose in whole blood, offering a simple and direct method for clinical monitoring.