TY - JOUR
T1 - A microscale cellular automaton method for solid-state phase transformation of directed energy deposited Ti6Al4V
AU - Xiong, Feiyu
AU - Lian, Yanping
AU - Panwisawas, Chinnapat
AU - Chen, Jiawei
AU - Li, Ming jian
AU - Liu, Anwen
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2024 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2024/9/5
Y1 - 2024/9/5
N2 - Directed energy deposition is a promising additive manufacturing technology that fabricates complex geometries by fusing feed material layer-by-layer. However, the formation mechanism of the directed energy deposited Ti6Al4V solid-state phase transformation process, which is crucial for understanding the process-structure–property relationship, has remained unclear. In this study, a microscale cellular automaton method is proposed to simulate the microstructure evolution process for Ti6Al4V, specifically the β→α/α′ phase transformation process within a few β grains. The method is further integrated with the mesoscale cellular automaton method, which predicts the prior β grain structure, the solid-state phase transformation kinetics model for the prediction of the phase volume fractions, and the finite volume method, which is used for the thermal-fluid flow modeling, providing a temperature field to the former. The integrated numerical framework not only links the thermal history with the phase volume fractions but also provides the columnar β grain structures and acicular α/α′ grain structures in satisfying agreement with the available experimental observation. Moreover, the predictions shed some light on the formation mechanism of the hierarchical α/α′ structure and their particular clusters. The influence of the cooling rate on the α/α′ grain formation is illustrated via the three-layer case simulation. The findings on the formation mechanism of α/α′ are beneficial in tailoring the microstructure of Ti6Al4V for excellent mechanical properties in directed energy deposited Ti6Al4V.
AB - Directed energy deposition is a promising additive manufacturing technology that fabricates complex geometries by fusing feed material layer-by-layer. However, the formation mechanism of the directed energy deposited Ti6Al4V solid-state phase transformation process, which is crucial for understanding the process-structure–property relationship, has remained unclear. In this study, a microscale cellular automaton method is proposed to simulate the microstructure evolution process for Ti6Al4V, specifically the β→α/α′ phase transformation process within a few β grains. The method is further integrated with the mesoscale cellular automaton method, which predicts the prior β grain structure, the solid-state phase transformation kinetics model for the prediction of the phase volume fractions, and the finite volume method, which is used for the thermal-fluid flow modeling, providing a temperature field to the former. The integrated numerical framework not only links the thermal history with the phase volume fractions but also provides the columnar β grain structures and acicular α/α′ grain structures in satisfying agreement with the available experimental observation. Moreover, the predictions shed some light on the formation mechanism of the hierarchical α/α′ structure and their particular clusters. The influence of the cooling rate on the α/α′ grain formation is illustrated via the three-layer case simulation. The findings on the formation mechanism of α/α′ are beneficial in tailoring the microstructure of Ti6Al4V for excellent mechanical properties in directed energy deposited Ti6Al4V.
KW - Cellular automaton
KW - Directed energy deposition
KW - Process-structure–property relationship
KW - Solid-state phase transformation
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85208677065&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104517
DO - 10.1016/j.addma.2024.104517
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85208677065
SN - 2214-8604
VL - 95
JO - Additive Manufacturing
JF - Additive Manufacturing
M1 - 104517
ER -