A Comprehensive Review of Passive Water and Thermal Management of Air-Breathing Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (AB-PEMFCs) utilize ambient air for oxygen and cooling, making them suitable for small-scale applications. However, the absence of auxiliary systems presents considerable challenges in water and thermal management, which are crucial for ensuring optimal performance and durability. Poor management can lead to issues like membrane dehydration or cathode flooding. This deficiency subsequently impacts the affordability and longevity of AB-PEMFCs, both of which are critical considerations in the commercialization process. This review highlights the importance of water-thermal transport processes in enhancing efficiency and durability. While much research has focused on airflow’s role in thermal regulation, internal factors such as current density have received less attention. It is recommended to prioritize the coupling of water and thermal management in future studies, employing strategies like AI-driven optimization to accelerate the commercialization of AB-PEMFCs.