A Carbon-Neutralized CoMP With Energy Sharing: A Learn-and-Adapt Approach

To address the growing challenge of energy efficiency in next-generation coordinated multipoint (CoMP) communication systems, this article develops a green CoMP optimization framework that integrates renewable energy harvesting, smart grid interactions, and real-time power control. We formulate a stochastic long-term weighted sum-rate maximization problem, incorporating transmit covariance variables and joint channel-aware precoding. To enable online implementation, we convert the time-averaged problem into an equivalent per-slot formulation and design an online dynamic beamforming and energy management (ODBEM) algorithm. The proposed ODBEM integrates three synergistic mechanisms: 1) dual-driven energy pricing; 2) Lyapunov drift-plus-penalty scheduling; and 3) momentum-based energy smoothing. We further conduct rigorous convexity and Karush–Kuhn–Tucker optimality analysis to ensure algorithmic correctness and convergence. Simulation results demonstrate that ODBEM outperforms baseline strategies in both throughput and energy cost, confirming its effectiveness for sustainable and adaptive CoMP transmission.