高校心理咨询师多重关系情境与决策类型的研究

In China, a counselor in university may work both as a teacher and an administrator at the same time, which makes the issues of multiple relationship ethics stand out, especially in universities. In this study, qualitative research methods and in-depth interviews were used to explore ethical awareness and decision-making modes on multiple relationship issues of 17 counselors who have engaged in counseling in universities for more than five years. Among the 17 counselors, 4 of them were males and 13 were females, aged around 43.5±9.3. Their average years working in universities weree 10.2±2.9 and 8.6±3.1. After the interview, we made the recording into transcripts and completed coding analyses. The results are as follows. The multiple relationships of counseling in universities mainly include new relationship established through gift-giving; teacher-student relationship besides client-counselor relationship; counselors having relationships with third parties of the clients; clients encountering counselors outside the counseling room; clients having personal contacts of the counselors; clients having physical contact with counselors. The counselors in this interview do not mention their experience of sexual relationship. We found that the multiple relationships in universities can be divided into explicit and implicit ones. The explicit multiple relationships are difficult to avoid, such as the relationship between teachers and students and the relationship between supervisor and supervisees. Other than this, implicit multiple relationships are not uncommon either. For instance, the same counselor provides counseling for lovers, classmates, roommates, etc. According to the steps of the decision process and the content of the decision, we found that counselors usually have two modes of decision-making on multiple relationship ethical issues: The “experience-oriented” mode that first considers the empirical factors in the decision-making process and the “ethics-oriented” mode that first considers the ethical factors in the decision-making process. Furthermore, the “experience-oriented” mode is divided into “experience-intuition” mode and “experience-rational” mode. Counselors adopting “experience-intuition” mode make decisions based on emotions, social experiences, personal habits and daily morality caused by situations, and make decisions on levels of intuition. Counselors adopting “experience-rational” mode make decisions based on genre theory or university regulations. The “ethics-oriented” mode is further divided into “ethics-intuition” mode and “ethics-empiricism” mode. Counselors adopting “ethics-intuition” mode make decisions based on ethical intuition, decision-making choices are often ethical, and counselors adopting “ethics-empiricism” mode make decisions based on genre theory or university regulations. We found that the first considered by most counselors are experience factors rather than ethical ones in the decision-making process. In this study, we found that counselors are less likely to refer to the code of ethics or seek for supervision when it comes to ethical issues. This shows that the ethical awareness of counselors is still insufficient and the ethics training system and related legal regulations in our country still needs improvement. Interestingly, counselors think that their ethical decisions are affected by training and supervision, even if they rarely ask for supervision when they are faced with multiple relationship situations. It may indicate that the supervisors in our country may actively look for ethical issues and guide the ethical decision-making of the counselors during the supervision process, therefore, it may be a feasible way to add ethical supervisions to help counselors better at decisions-making dealing with ethics. We also found that most counselors do not inform the clients on multiple relationships, they are more passive when the multiple relationships are unavoidable. They do not actively manipulate the potential impact of multiple relationships on counseling. All of these reflect the inadequate current situation of counseling ethics in our country. The ethical awareness of the counselors is far from sufficient, it is necessary to strengthen ethics training. More compatible laws and regulations should be made as well.