膜性肾病诊断的高光谱图像张量嵌入分析

Objective: Hyperspectral imaging systems have become promising auxiliary diagnostic tools for intelligent medicine in recent years, especially in disease diagnosis and image-guided surgery. Hyperspectral image (HSI) has hundreds of contiguous narrow spectral bands from visible to infrared electromagnetic spectrum. These bands provide a wealth of information to distinguish different chemical composition of biological tissue. The reflected, fluorescent, and transmitted light from tissue captured by HSI carry quantitative diagnostic information about tissue pathology. Wealthy spectral bands also contain redundancy, which not only degrades classification performance but also increases computational complexity. Thus, dimensionality reduction (DR) needs to be conducted to reveal the essence of data by discarding redundant information. However, most of the current DR methods are based on spectral vector input (first-order representation) that ignores important correlations in the spatial domain. Although some spectral-spatial joint technologies have been investigated to overcome this disadvantage, they still consider the spectral-spatial feature into first-order data for analysis and ignore the cubic nature of hyperspectral data. Thus, a novel tensor-based Laplacian regularized sparse and low-rank graph (T-LapSLRG) for discriminant analysis is proposed to preserve the original intrinsic structure information of medical hyperspectral data and enhance the discriminant ability of features. Method: Sparse and low-rank constraints are suggested in the proposed T-LapSLRG to exploit local and global data structures while tensor analysis is developed to preserve the spatial neighborhood information. Multi-manifold is utilized to enhance the discriminant ability and describe the intrinsic geometric information. Consequently, the proposed method not only can preserve local and global structure information but also can utilize the intrinsic geometric information. Thus, it offers more discriminative power than existing tensor-based DR methods. Vector-based methods treat each pixel as an independent and identically distributed item. By contrast, the samples in T-LapSLRG are represented in the form of a third-order tensor that can preserve the original spatial neighborhood information. In addition, only a small set of the labeled training samples is needed by adopting tensor training samples. With the assumption that the samples belonging to the same class lie on a unique sub-manifold, T-LapSLRG constructs tensor-based within-class graph to characterize the within-class compactness for making the resulting graph more discriminative. In summary, T-LapSLRG jointly utilizes spatial neighborhoods and discriminative and intrinsic structure information that capture the local and global structures and the discriminative information simultaneously and make the resulting graph more robust and discriminative. Result: To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed T-LapSLRG, the medical hyperspectral data of membranous nephropathy (MN) is used. The traditional diagnosis methods of MN mainly rely on serological characteristics and renal pathological characteristics, which is tough to reach the intelligent and automated requirements of clinical diagnosis. Two types of MN are used as the experimental verification data, including primary membranous nephropathy (PMN) and hepatitis B virus-related membranous nephropathy (HBV-MN). The microscopic hyperspectral images of PMN and HBV-MN are captured by the line scan hyperspectral imaging system SOC-710 together with the biological microscope CX31RTSF. The SOC-710 system captures 128 spectral bands with 696×520 pixels and a spectral wavelength range from 400 to 1 000 nm. The obtained medical HSI dataset consists of 30 HBV-MN images and 24 PMN images, involving 10 HBV-MN patients and 9 PMN patients. Classification is performed on the obtained low-dimensional features by the classical support vector machine classifier to evaluate the performance of the proposed T-LapSLRG. Four objective quality indices (i.e., individual class accuracy, overall accuracy (OA), average accuracy (AA), and kappa coefficient (Kappa)) are used. The proposed T-LapSLRG outperforms other methods by 1.40% to 34.75% in OA, 1.46% to 36.89% in AA, and 0.031 to 0.73 in Kappa. In addition, the classification accuracy obtained by T-LapSLRG for all patients has reached more than 90%. In clinical diagnosis, the type of disease can be determined when the pixel level accuracy reaches 85% or more. Conclusion: In this study, we proposed a novel tensor-based Laplacian regularized sparse and low-rank graph for discriminant analysis. Experiments on the MN dataset demonstrate that the proposed T-LapSLRG is effective in discriminant analysis with sparse and low-rank constraints and multi-manifold, and significantly improves the classification performance. Experimental results verify the nonnegligible potential of T-LapSLRG for further application in MN identification.