可 见 与 近 红 外 波 段 的 超 构 透 镜 研 究 进 展（特 邀）

Significance Imaging devices such as telescopes, microscopes, and cameras have significantly enhanced human capabilities in visual information acquisition. Over time, lens-based optical systems have matured, enabling high resolution, wide field of view, and broad bandwidth through combinations of multiple lenses and prisms. However, increasing system complexity has led to larger volumes and greater weight. Due to inherent limitations of conventional materials, metamaterials—artificial structures designed to replace natural materials—have emerged as an alternative. Early metamaterials were three- dimensional, posing challenges in design and practical application. To address these issues, researchers introduced metasurfaces: subwavelength two- dimensional materials based on the principle of dimension reduction. This concept was first applied in the microwave regime, where millimeter-wave metasurfaces developed rapidly due to their relatively large structural dimensions and ease of fabrication. With advances in micro- nano manufacturing technologies and growing demand for visible- light applications, research on optical metasurfaces has gained significant momentum. Metasurface lenses, or metalenses, can efficiently focus electromagnetic waves to subwavelength spots and offer potential for multifunctionality, ultra- thin planar profiles, and low- cost fabrication. These attributes enable lightweight, miniaturized, and highly integrated optical systems, positioning metalenses as transformative components in modern optics. Their development has initiated a paradigm shift in the field. Performance characteristics and constraints vary across different spectral bands. Therefore, classifying existing research by operational band is essential to guide rational advancement and targeted innovation. This paper first outlines the phase control mechanisms and working principles of metalenses. Then, focusing on the visible to near-infrared band—the most widely studied range—it reviews research directions and applications for several types of metalenses, including achromatic, wide field-of-view, three- dimensional imaging, and zoom metalenses. Progress The development of achromatic metalenses is illustrated in Figs. 4 ‒ 6. Figure 4 presents multi-wavelength achromatic metalenses designed via inverse methods, detailing optimization strategies and evaluation functions employed by various algorithms. Figure 5 highlights broadband imaging metalenses that integrate image- processing algorithms, emphasizing joint optimization between metalens design and computational reconstruction. Figure 6 reviews broadband achromatic metalenses, primarily discussing fabrication processes for mainstream multilayer structures and their underlying achromatic mechanisms. Advances in wide field-of-view metalenses are summarized in Figs. 7 ‒ 9. Figure 7 examines designs utilizing aperture stops or inverse design approaches, explaining the optical function of aperture stops and the implementation of inverse algorithms. Figure 8 discusses metalenses employing quadratic phase profiles or lens arrays, showcasing aberration correction techniques for extended field of-view imaging. Figure 9 explores multi- aperture array configurations, presenting strategies to achieve wider angular coverage through increased optical apertures and image stitching. Research on three- dimensional imaging metalenses is presented in Fig. 10. First, it describes how binocular and multi- aperture metalenses extract parallax information to enable depth perception. Next, leveraging the multifunctional nature of metasurfaces, multifunctional metalenses are engineered using polarization multiplexing, wavelength multiplexing, and other channel-multiplexing techniques. These designs generate multiple images with distinct spatial relationships from a single aperture, effectively replacing multi- aperture systems for three-dimensional imaging. Progress in zoom metalenses is detailed in Figs. 11 and 12. Figure 11 reviews mechanical tuning methods that dynamically adjust metalens functionality to achieve variable focal lengths. Figure 12 first discusses non- mechanical approaches that modulate the refractive index of metalens materials via electrical, thermal, or other stimuli, thereby altering phase distributions and enabling zoom capability. It then introduces multifocal metalens designs that exploit optimized phase engineering and multifunctionality to simulate zoom functionality without physical movement. Conclusions and Prospects Compared with traditional refractive and diffractive lenses, metalenses offer significant advantages in compactness, precise wavefront control, and multifunctionality. The integration of metalenses with conventional refractive optical systems and computational imaging frameworks represents an inevitable direction for their advancement, yet it presents substantial challenges in design, algorithm development, and nanofabrication. Future research should focus on optimizing metalens design, associated computational algorithms, and scalable fabrication processes. Overall, metalenses and related metasurfaces are expected to advance toward miniaturization, intelligent functionality, system- level integration, and mass production, thereby driving transformative innovations in the imaging and optical industries.