3D optical intensity modulation on curved surfaces by optimization method and its application to fabricate arbitrary patterns

We present a method to design the pure-phase distribution based on phase optimization for realizing the three-dimensional (3D) intensity modulation on curved surfaces (CS) and apply it to fabricate desired 3D patterns on CS. 3D intensity patterns are reconstructed numerically as well as fabricated experimentally on CS with high quality, which demonstrates the validity of the method. Since the arbitrary phase profile of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) on CS can be mapped into the 3D optical intensity distribution on CS, the method can be directly applied to fabricate any desired DOEs on CS. As far as we know, it is the first time to design the pure-phase distribution for realizing the 3D intensity modulation on CS and apply it to fabricate arbitrary patterns on CS.